@joeyh posted about two security vulnerabilities he uncovered http://joeyh.name/blog/entry/two_security_holes_and_a_new_library/
Notably the ActivityPub appendix warns about these kinds of security vulnerabilities: don't fetch from uri schemes you don't know (be sure your http lib doesn't accept file://) and don't fetch from localhost (though sadly it's hard not to do this one... "localhost-only" is mostly doomed).
But Joey's post also points out that even if you filter out the scheme and localhost yourself, redirects may bite you
@szbalint @joeyh not sure if you saw the Guile vulnerability that we uncovered a while ago where live hacking sessions listening on localhost were vulnerable to confused deputy attacks through browsers and etc (notably, also activitypub instances that don't heed this advice) that allowed arbitrary code execution https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/guile-user/2016-10/msg00007.html
localhost-only ain't